how to calculate percentage change in nominal gdphow to calculate percentage change in nominal gdp
The "GDP Deflator" however is simply the new, complete price of all final good and services (whether it is inflated or deflated, or the same) compared to the base year. a price index used to adjust nominal GDP to find real GDP; the GDP deflator measures the average prices of all finished goods and services produced within a nations borders over time. Hence, it measures the change in nominal GDP and real GDP during a particular year calculated by dividing the nominal GDP with the real GDP and multiplying the resultant with 100. Is it 1. Direct link to C Th H My's post But how can we calculate , Posted 6 years ago. The Sunbathing Calculator will tell you when's the time to go back under an umbrella not to suffer from a sunburn! To compute real GPD for 1960, we need to know that in 1960 nominal GDP was $543.3 billion and the price index, or GDP deflator, was 19.0. The interesting number ends up being the ratio of the two numbers - or 1.025, since that is the number you would divide GDP in T2 by to see the real GDP in terms of T1 prices. He asks his finance minister to make a presentation in 2 weeks on the countrys GDP. This is driving me nuts! But we know the deflator, we know that things are gotten 102.5 more expensive or that deflator is a 102.5. Direct link to SteveSargentJr's post Basically, there are a bu, Posted 10 years ago. If I were in charge of naming macroeconomic concepts I would actually made this the deflator I would set this at 1 and I would call this 1.205, because then you wouldn't had all this sillines multiplaing and dividing by 100. To do this, hes going to find the percentage change between how long it took him to make an old, similar product vs. this new product. Copyright 2023 . $8,225 is Real GDP in billions of 2005 dollars for 1990. Applying the GDP growth rate formula, which is GDP growth = (GDP in current period - GDP in the previous period) / GDP in the previous period 100, the following calculation has to be made: GDP growth = (17,304,984 -16,920,328) / 16,920,328 100 = 2.27% If you choose the latter, why would that make sense in todays world? How to compute nominal GDP? Using the statistics on real GDP and nominal GDP, one can calculate an implicit index of the price level for the year. This will give you the real GDP. The quantities consumed of each of these three goods in the base year are given in Table , along with the prices of these three goods in both the base year and the current year. As a small thank you, wed like to offer you a $30 gift card (valid at GoNift.com). how do you reconcile this? Question: Using the data in the table below related to nominal GDP and the chain-weighted price doflators for gross domestic product (e.g. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-1-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-1-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-1-Version-2.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-1-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
License: Creative Commons<\/a> License: Creative Commons<\/a> License: Creative Commons<\/a> License: Creative Commons<\/a> License: Creative Commons<\/a> License: Creative Commons<\/a> License: Creative Commons<\/a> License: Creative Commons<\/a> License: Creative Commons<\/a> License: Creative Commons<\/a> License: Creative Commons<\/a> License: Creative Commons<\/a> License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/23\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-2-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-2-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/2\/23\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-2-Version-2.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-2-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/12\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-3-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-3-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/1\/12\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-3-Version-2.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-3-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/7b\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-4.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-4.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/7\/7b\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-4.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-4.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-5.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-5.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-5.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-5.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/2f\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-6.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-6.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/2\/2f\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-6.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-6.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/21\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-7.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-7.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/2\/21\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-7.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-7.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/18\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-8.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-8.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/1\/18\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-8.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-8.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a4\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-9.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-9.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/a\/a4\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-9.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-9.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b1\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-10.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-10.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/b\/b1\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-10.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-10.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8b\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-11.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-11.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/8\/8b\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-11.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-11.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/48\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-12.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-12.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/4\/48\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-12.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-12.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/2c\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-13.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-13.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/2\/2c\/Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-13.jpg\/aid1375096-v4-728px-Calculate-the-Growth-Rate-of-Nominal-GDP-Step-13.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}. Here, this is a newly formed country and wants to know its growth so that one can judge when one compares the nominal growth domestic product with a similar nation. from Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO) (Graduated 2020) Author has 473 answers and 1.5M answer views 4 y Percentage change in nominal GDP=change in nominal GDP/base year GDP multiply by hundred. Some of his most popular published works include his writing about economic terms and research into job classifications. And the 102.5 over 100, you might be able do this in your head, this whole expression right over here just becomes 1.025. The simplest way to calculate nominal GDP growth is by analyzing two consecutive periods. Direct link to Sudhanshu Sisodiya's post So the CPI basically meas, Posted 7 years ago. The US economy experienced the fastest economic growth in the 19th century, on average by about 4.5% per year. Direct link to Razan Bayan's post In some definitions of th, Posted 5 years ago. Nominal GDP is $1,000,000 and the GDP deflator is 125. So the price in year B is 120% of the price in year A. Enjoy! This will allow you to find how much its increased. Rising prices can be a result of multiple factors, as even a change in consumption tax rates, for example, VAT or sales tax can cause a shift in prices. Converting your answer from a decimal to a percentage is easyjust multiply the value by 100. You'd say that between 2000 and 2017, there was a 50% inflation rate. A real interest rate is the percentage amount of money that is paid for a deposit. Topics include the distinction between real and nominal GDP and how to calculate and use the GDP deflator. This means that when we deflate nominal figures to get real figuresby dividing the nominal by the price indexwe also need to remember to divide the published price index by 100 to make the math work. Looking at economic statistics without considering inflation is like looking through a pair of binoculars and trying to guess how close something isunless you know how strong the lenses are, you cannot guess the distance very accurately. Jack Flynn is a writer for Zippia. In the previous video, GDP Deflator is defined as Ratio of P2/P1. By adding all-expense, we get the below equation. First of all, we will calculate the % change in a sale by applying the formula: Use the below-given data for the calculation. Percentage change is a simple mathematical concept that represents the degree of change over time. Direct link to Learner's post How to draw the Marginal , Posted 3 years ago. Economic growth rate typically refers to the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over a specific period. This calculator will be most commonly used when there is an "old" and . The GDP deflator to convert nominal GDP for the current year to real GDP would then be, So, if the nominal GDP for that year were $100 billion, real GDP would be. Check out 33 similar macroeconomics calculators . Is the deflator 102.5 or 1.025? [wsm-tooltip header="Nominal GDP Vs Real GDP" description="Nominal GDP is the annual production of goods or services at current prices, whereas Real GDP is the annual production of goods or services calculated at current prices minus the effect of inflation." The correction comment appears in video. Never miss an opportunity thats right for you. Mr. For example, in Canada during 2015, Real GDP is a measure of how much is actually produced. The table below contains all the data you need to compute real GDP. How can I compare the GDP growth rates of two countries? Thanks.". Direct link to Jhon Cedric Baltazar's post If inflation increases, w, Posted 3 years ago. So what if a House gains value? Socks Loss Index estimates the chance of losing a sock in the laundry. that are calculated in your GDP). This index is called the GDP deflator and is given by the formula. Direct link to McCarthy, Meghan's post Is the Real GDP of the ba. The Prime Minister wants to gauge his performance as the nation has been doing economically and overall growth. Direct link to Rituraj Dixit's post I don't think it really m, Posted 6 years ago. The currency of the United States has experienced inflation over a long period. The real GDP of any year is found by using the prices of goods and services in the base year. To calculate the percentage change in each of these statistics from 2018 to 2019, we can use the following formula: The calculation of nominal GDP can be done using three methods which are the expenditure method, income method, and production method. The table below provides a list of the mortgage interest rate being charged for several different years and the rate of inflation for each of those years. The consumer price index (CPI) is the most commonly used price index, which you'll learn more about later in this course. ]. No, but it usually is. Below is given data for the calculation of nominal GDP. Jack received his BS from Hampshire College. I suppose GDP is usually expressed in US dollars to be able to do comparisons between countries. In one of the questions: ''How much of the nominal GDP growth from 1980 to 1990 was real GDP and how much was inflation?''. This percentage change is found to be. Understanding the percentage change formula is. (decimal = decrease initial value). In this method, we subtract imports and add up exports as the goods that have been exported have been produced in the nation, whereas the goods that are imported are produced elsewhere. "It was easy to follow the instructions. B.Tech in financial mgt. Step 2. Let's say the 2011 nominal GDP is: 15,294.3 billion dollars. Unemployment Rate. First, calculate the difference between 5 hours (the initial value) and 7 hours (the final value). When we calculate GDP using today's prices, we are creating a measure called nominal GDP. We use cookies to make wikiHow great. The result is 1.0696 when rounded to four decimal places. The base year expenditure figures are found by multiplying the base year quantities by the base year prices. Direct link to SA's post In the self check questio, Posted 6 years ago. ], [Could I see a simpler example to help me understand? Use it to try out great new products and services nationwide without paying full pricewine, food delivery, clothing and more. Direct link to e.argirova24's post Suppose the amount of out, Posted 3 years ago. Use the above information to calculate nominal GDP. Direct link to douglas.wyatt's post No, but it usually is. It is conventionally measured in percentage terms since it is the most supportive way to make a comparison over time and space. Direct link to kunal kotak's post cause he eliminates the ", Posted 9 years ago. Then, after multiplying that by 100 to get a percentage, youre all set. Solution: GDP Deflator is calculated using the formula given below. wikiHow's Content Management Team carefully monitors the work from our editorial staff to ensure that each article is backed by trusted research and meets our high quality standards. You are required to compute the nominal GDP of the country. This specific deflator shows how much a change in the . This will allow you to find how much the value of the dollar has decreased. Its easy to calculate and can be useful for companies and individuals alike. Mega Millions payout calculator helps you compare the payout for a lump-sum or cash claim to an annuity payment schedule if you win a Mega Millions jackpot. You divide the real GDPs of both years and see in 39% increase in Real GDP. Divide the nominal GDP by the GDP deflator and multiply by 100. FV = final value. As shown, percentage change is a great tool for calculating the value of time, products, currency, and more. We just deflating the current dollar one, and how many the calculate to figure this one out. Since the measurement of GDP is widely used and expressed it is important to know how to calculate the growth rate of nominal GDP. This will allow you to find how much the price has increased. A mortgage loan is a loan that a person makes to purchase a house. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Based on this information, we know that much of the apparent growth in nominal GDP was due to inflation, not an actual change in the quantity of goods and services producedin other words, not in real GDP. Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, www.bea.gov. GDP determines the economic health of a nation. You are free to use this image on your website, templates, etc., Please provide us with an attribution link. Another method of calculating real GDP involves converting nominal GDP to real GDP by using the GDP deflator, which tracks price changes of a nations output over time. Annual inflation is usually a percentage of the overall increase in cost of living and overall increase in the CPI. The calculation of nominal GDP can be done using three methods which are the expenditure method, income method, and production method. Direct link to Enn's post The real GDP of any year , Posted 3 years ago. The table and graph below shows US GDP at five-year intervals since 1960 in nominal dollars, in other words, GDP measured using the actual market prices prevailing in each stated year. Our real GDP is equal to our current dollar GDP. Posted 4 years ago. The formula to calculate GDP is of three types: Expenditure Approach, Income Approach, and Production Approach. What is the difference between Annual Inflation and "GDP Deflator" please? The GDP is expressed in terms of its own local economy. There are multiple people criticizing GDP. Canadas GDP deflator for its base year of 2010 was, By expressing 2015s output in 2015 prices, therefore, Canadas output would appear to have increased by. Direct link to Jackson Lautier's post According to the article,, Posted 6 years ago. In this case, Thus, the percentage change in the current year CPI from the base year CPI is, In other, words, the rate of inflation in the current year is 3.67%, Next Expenditure Approach GDP = C + I + G + (X - I) Where: C = Consumer Spending: The total amount of spending that individuals spent on goods and services for personal use The percentage change in the GDP deflator from the previous (base) year is obtained using the same formula used to calculate the growth rate of GDP. ($4 $22 = 0.18), Multiply the 0.18 by 100 to get a percentage. The "compute the percentage change in nominal gdp, real gdp and the gdp deflator" is a question that asks how to calculate percentage changes in GDP. (7 5 = 2), Next, divide the two by the 5. and any corresponding bookmarks? If you were to calculate the Deflator now (for verification) it's Nominal GDP/Real GDP - in this case you've got 138$/115$ = 1.2 (multiply it over 100) you get 120%. adjusted for inflation. Our real GDP is what we want to figure out. To calculate the growth rate, we need to divide the difference between the current year GDP and the previous year GDP (which shall increase the value of GDP) and divide the result by the last years GDP. GDP deflator. Solution. In the case of percentage change, you can track the price of security. Direct link to patell.rohan26's post So im just a tad confused, Posted 5 years ago. The GDP deflator is a measure of the price levels of new goods that are available in a country's domestic market. There are several calculations that a country can make when trying to measure its economic progress. In other words, measuring the economic growth rate provides essential guidance to the government and policymakers as it indicates the dynamic feature of economic performance. Okay! Luckily, the formula for calculating percentage change isnt very complex. This is a % change calculator. For the Nominal GDP to come out less than Real GDP, the Current Price of Commodity 'A' has to be less that what it was in the Base Year. (decimal = increase initial value), Multiply the decimal you receive by 100 to get a percentage. To convert nominal economic data from several different years into real, inflation-adjusted data, the starting point is to choose a. According to the article, an increase in GDP occurs for two reasons: (1) an increase in prices or (2) an increase in output. How to Calculate the Growth Rate of Nominal GDP, https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/ap-macroeconomics/economic-iondicators-and-the-business-cycle/real-vs-nominal-gdp/a/lesson-summary-real-vs-nominal-gdp, http://www.diffen.com/difference/Nominal_GDP_vs_Real_GDP, https://www.cbinsights.com/research-how-to-calculate-nominal-gdp, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-macroeconomics/chapter/converting-real-gdp/, http://arnoldkling.com/econ/GMU/growthArith.htm, http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nominalgdp.asp, calcular la tasa de crecimiento del PIB nominal, , Calcular a Taxa de Crescimento do PIB Nominal. a) Given the base year of 2011, calculate nominal GDP, real GDP, and GDP deflator for each year. GDP Deflator = (Nominal GDP / Real GDP) * 100. In the 20th century, the US economy grew by about 3.5% per annum. % of people told us that this article helped them. So, enrollment decreased by 10.19%. Using the above formula, let us calculate the real GDP: = $2,000,000/ (1+1.5%) =$2,000,000 / (1.015) Real gross domestic product will be - Real gross domestic product = 1,970,443.35 Hence, the real gross domestic product is $1,970,443.35 Example #2 ABC is one of the largest economies in the world. We know the deflator is, can we figure out the real GDP in 2011 and that will be the real GDP in 2010 dollars, when we have the deflator relative to 2010. However, over time, the rise in nominal GDP looks much larger than the rise in real GDPthe nominal GDP line rises more steeply than the real GDP linebecause the rise in nominal GDP is exaggerated by the presence of inflation, especially in the 1970s. The nominal growth domestic product considers the current prices and growth compared to the previous years GDP. Direct link to Thomas Davidsen's post the "GDP deflator" is ess, Posted 11 years ago. How much is he going to increase the price? So taking it in that way, our nominal current dollar GDP is 15 294.3 billion dollars we can viewed that it's 15.2943 trillion, eiter way. 1. How do you convert a series of nominal economic data over time to real terms? Expenditure Approach The expenditure approach is the most commonly used GDP formula, which is based on the money spent by various groups that participate in the economy. Direct link to hugoncosta's post There are various ways to, Posted 6 years ago. ($124.60 $100 = $24.60), Next, divide the $24.60 by the $100, this will give you a decimal. Step 2: Calculate real GDP using the formula below. Why do increases in real GDP indicate an improvement in living standards, whereas increases in nominal GDP might not? Of course, that understates the material improvement since it fails to capture improvements in the quality of products and the invention of new products. The graph below shows the US nominal and real GDP since 1960. To make things more palpable, let's have a real-world example of the GDP growth rate calculator in the US economy. GDP or gross domestic product refers to the sum of the total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within the border limits of any country. If there is 2.5% inflation, then price level of 2011 in comparison to the 2010 price is 2.5% more right? 100% (1 rating) Formula to calculate % change in nominal GDP nominal GDP of the current year - nominal GDP of previous year/ nominal GDP of previous year 100 Formula to calculate % change in real GDP Real GDP of the current year - real GDP of previous year/ real .
Tide Washing Machine Cleaner In Dishwasher,
Baldor Motors Distributors In Saudi Arabia,
Martin County Courthouse,
Gaap Rules For Recording Accounts Receivable,
Articles H