This assumes operation to the cell maximum and minimum voltage range of 4.2V to 2.5V. The 2022 Tesla's 4680 Battery And Prices Updates Are Here Tesla has increased the price of Tesla Model 3 and Tesla Model Y by $1,000 in a new round of price adjustments. #MunroLive#SandyMunro#TeardownTitanpic.twitter.com/nL37jxmzV9. . People suspect this first 4680 battery pack has extra capacity available but its software-locked to prevent cannibalizing other sales. I "believe" the standard range MY uses conventional ternary 4680 battery cells, not LFP. pic.twitter.com/CaC7Js9aEL. 2022 Tesla Y Standard Range Giga Texas (4680 Battery) 200 Mile Range Test and Supercharging. No US MY variant currently uses LFP chemistry. Our Austin built @Tesla Model Y is here! For now, the battery that is in the Model Y assembled in the Austin factory is cheaper to produce than the 2170-equipped units because the larger cells allow for manufacturing efficiencies resulting in a lighter pack. Toyota, which has been the slowest of the largest auto OEMs to begin the transition towards fully electric vehicles, recently tore down the Giga Texas Model Y and in response the Japanese automaker was positively stunned. Unfortunately, no one has been able to confirm the exact energy capacity of the new Model Y, but we have a much better idea now that some early Texas-built Model Y owners are performing some tests. Does anyone have information on when the US manufactured 2022 Model Y will have the new 4680 batteries and AMD Rzyen chips? What Difference In Weight Do Tesla 4680 Cells Make? It's the A architecture. But no one knows when Fremont will start. JavaScript is disabled. The Tesla 4680 cell analysis found it to have thicker walls than its 2170 counterpart, as the cell-to-chassis technology actually uses the cans as structural packs for the vehicle. In 2020, Musk unveiled a plan to develop batteries in-house, which he said would make self-driving electric cars priced at $25,000 feasible by 2023, but Tesla has been struggling to scale up the . Fred is the Editor in Chief and Main Writer at Electrek. Additional perks are available depending on the level of contribution. The 4680 battery cell is a new format that. There is no need for such range with improving charging infrastructure. 18 CATL Modules with Prismatic Cells.Cell Expansion As you charge a cell it expands, when you discharge a cellVW Benchmarking ID3, ID4, ID5 and ID Buzz Volkswagen VW Benchmarking battery pack of ID 3, 4, 5 and Buzz in detail by specifications and key pack metrics.2022 Nissan Ariya The 2022 Nissan Ariya has two battery pack sizes, 63kWh (66kWh total)Increasing Usable SoC Window If you are in a battery design role there is always pressureSpirit of Innovation The configuration of three motors powered by three battery packs was selected. The central positive tab on the cell is aluminium and the cell can is ~0.5 to 0.6mm thick nickel plated steel. Thank you all again for your help. Why Wouldn't Tesla Talk About the Compact Car During Investor Day? And the second version is the refreshed Model Y with 4680 cells and a structural battery pack. Berlin on the other hand is not ready yet and will thus start with 2170 cell packs and transition to 4680 packs once the battery factory currently being built there is ready. Fred is the Editor in Chief and Main Writer at Electrek. The Model Y is well equipped, with standard kit including the glass roof, 'premium' sound system with 14 speakers, powered front seats and four heated perches, plus a raft of safety features. The cell manufacturing process is laid out in 14 steps covering everything from mixing chemicals, dryers, printing and electrical testing. When Tesla delivered its first made-in-Texas Model Y vehicles, we noted that it was strange that Tesla didnt reveal any details like specs and pricing about the new version of the electric SUV. The total energy is based on the total number of cells = 828 and the cell energy = 98.05Wh and hence 828 x 98.05 = 81,185Wh. The Model Y Long Range, with a 330-mile EPA range and a larger battery pack, has a fuel economy rating of 122 MPGe. If you have test data, images, references or other data on this battery then please do send through so that we can build a better overall set of referenced material. Senior Manufacturing Engineer - Battery. There is a body side beam running across the top of the pack where the rear heal board goes. No. Caution: This is a very difficult pack to reconcile the numbers around at the moment and so we are continually updating our calculations and estimates. Let us know in the comment section below. Tesla advocate Ryan Levenson of The Kilowatts, who. The Tesla 4680s is expected to increase the range of Tesla EVs by as much as 54%. In my opinion, they will be used in Performance models. According to the Battery Day presentation, the 4680 cells and structural battery pack design were expected to increase vehicle range by as much as 54%, decrease the weight of the vehicle, improve acceleration, and be less expensive and more sustainable to produce. Then Levenson plugged into a Supercharger V3 station. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. As a thank you for your contribution, you'll get nearly no ads in the Community and Groups sections. Carolyn Fortuna (they, them), Ph.D., is a writer, researcher, and educator with a lifelong dedication to ecojustice. Certificates of Conformity, Tesla will likely release both Long Range and Performance versions of the Model Y equipped with 4680 cells. FILE PHOTO: ONS 2022 oil and gas conference By Hyunjoo Jin SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - More than a dozen Tesla executives took the stage at the company's Investor Day on Wednesday, a departure. In close up you can see the the busbars are narrower for those sections that join the cells in parallel compared to the width where they join cells in series. the Model Y from Giga Texas is compatible with the structural battery packs and 4680 cells. In the past, Tesla had been involved in cell development, but it was mainly about tuning the chemistry of existing 18650 and 2170 cell formats. Thanks for beta testing the 4680 folks , The difference: https://youtu.be/CMReRUpsZVs. The number of coolant connections inside the battery pack is a concern. Tesla has officially been approved to sell its electric vehicles (EVs) in Malaysia, and the company is set to build service centers and Supercharger stations to offer new jobs in the country, as shared by Malaysian Minister of International Trade and Industry @Tengku Zafrul on Tuesday (via @Tslachan). Opinions and comments published on this site may not be sanctioned by and do not necessarily represent the views of CleanTechnica, its owners, sponsors, affiliates, or subsidiaries. Musk and Drew Baglino, the Senior Vice President of Powertrain and Energy Engineering at Tesla, echoed similar sentiments when discussing the 4680 cells. Each battery has its own unique manufacturer. While the new Model Y AWD with 4680 cells is $2,000 less expensive than the current "base" model the Model Y Long Range AWD with 2170 cells the former also has significantly less range. The aim is to increase production speed to between 200 to 300 ppm, which will equal between 8GWh to 12GWh of annual production capacity. Copyright 2006-2022 Tesla Motors Club LLC. This has caused a lot of confusion amongst the Tesla community, the subpar specs of the refreshed Model Y have even led some people to believe Teslas Battery Day presentation was a lie. Sure, its wishful thinking, but it absolutely could mean theres more capacity to these new Austin-built Dual Motor Model Ys than Tesla is advertising or letting us access at this time.. My local dealership is unaware. The Tesla teamdidnt just look at one angle but all the angles: cell design,manufacturing, vehicle integration, and materials. The range is less as less cells are put in. Tools It has yet to master and scale the dry-coating cathode method which would bring the pack's cost down US$5,500 compared to the 2170 battery. Benchmarking of peugeot e 208 battery pack. According to new sources, Tesla has begun selling a second variant of the refreshed Model Y with 4680 cells & structural battery pack. Jan. Thats enough to produce over 1,000 Model Y vehicles. The Battery Day intended outcomes have the potential to increase Tesla vehicles range while being more economical; the plan is to halve the cost per kilowatt-hour. Please share our article, every link counts! What About Second Life Energy Storage? I was trying to find out how much to charge on a nightly basis. Major Chinese battery firms including CATL, EVE, and BAK Battery plan to start mass production of the 4680 cylindrical battery model this year. More. The plant will prepare at least two versions of the battery, with the alternative version reported to be shorter than 80 mm in length. Get the 50A ChargePoint Home Flex EV charger on Amazon, Top 10 LaptopsMultimedia, Budget Multimedia, Gaming, Budget Gaming, Lightweight Gaming, Business, Budget Office, Workstation, Subnotebooks, Ultrabooks, Chromebooks, under 300 USD/Euros, under 500 USD/Euros, 1,000 USD/Euros, for University Students,Best Displays, Top 10 SmartphonesSmartphones, Phablets, 6-inch,Camera Smartphones. I am in California. ^^^ Isn't "low voltage battery" the 12V? For Teslas Model Y made at Gigafactory Texas and 4680 structural battery pack, what are the recommended charging instructions? Cells vent downwards with a mica sheet underneath. Structural pack doesn't necessarily mean better capacity either. The delivery was noted in a video taken by Jeff Roberts, a Youtuber with more than 18,000 subscribers who posts daily drone videos of progress at Tesla's Auston factory. margin auto important position fixed important top important left important background color rgba 0,0,0,.5 important font family Arial,serif important index 20000000000 important overflow auto important backdrop filter blur 3px cookie dialog wrapper. Accepting delivery in 2ish weeks. According to Tesla, the upgrade applies to Model Y units built from January on, with two main changes. Consider becoming a Supporting Member of Tesla Motors Club. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. July 16, 2022 Advertisement Vehicle teardown expert Sandy Munro and his team at Munro & Associates have got their hands on a Giga Texas-made Model Y recently. From my understanding Panasonic is making the new 4680 batteries and they wont be in play until the end of the year. The Munro teardown video shows the single sided busbars are aluminium. No one needs a 500 mile range EV in my opinion, If I charge to 90% at the last Supercharger, or public L2 charger, that I could use,, and I want to still have 20% left as safety before reaching back the Supercharger:, - With a 500 miles range vehicle, I can drive only a one way up trip of:, 1/2 of (90% - 20%) = 35% of 500 miles range = 175 miles., - With my current 300 miles range, I can drive only a one way up trip of:, 1/2 of (90% - 20%) = 35% of 300 miles range = 105 miles., And this is without including elevation, HVAC, dirt road or snow,, passengers with gears, and camping stuff., However, when going down the hill, I would get some regen back., but this seems to be almost impossible unless you can, make a reservation in an hotel with a plug., When park, I am considering covering the car with flexible solar panels but I could, get only about 6 hours of 1 kWh or about 20 to 30 additional miles a day.. A Model Y's 4680 pack, for instance, is US$3,600 cheaper to manufacture than one with 2170 cells, but even then Tesla is only halfway through with the cost reduction potential of the new technology. When Tesla unveiled its 4680 battery cells at the Battery Day event in 2020, the company announced a new, tab-less 4680 cell form factor which would increase energy density, maintain similar thermal characteristics of smaller cells, improve the power-to-weight ratio, streamline manufacturing, and lower cost. Some data, some estimates and gradually we can piece together what this battery pack is and can do. By Maria Merano Posted on April 10, 2022 After the Cyber Rodeo grand opening event, Tesla officially delivered the first production Model Y vehicles with 4680 batteries from Gigafactory. Tesla's 4680 lithium-ion batteries with 46-millimeter diameter and 80-millimeter length hold about 5 times the energy of its current smaller 2170 cells. All rights reserved. The battery is estimated to have a capacity of 55 kWh and provide a 440 km range in WLTP. It turns out that Tesla's touted 4680 battery has lower energy density than the tried-and-true 2170 cells it's been putting in its electric vehicles en masse. Can anyone answer this? Tesla Motors Club LLC (TMC) is an independent enthusiast organization and is not affiliated with Tesla Motors, Inc. or its subsidiaries. The front seat structure that lifts the height of the Model Y seats to give you the SUV driving position is substantial [5]. The first version is the one that Tesla has been selling since 2019 and that comes with the last generation of 2170 cells. The growing demand for rechargeable batteries that are fully scalable and sustainable are leading researchers to a holistic, closed-loop infrastructure for materials discovery, manufacturing and battery testing. The entrepreneur noted that the Texas-made Model Ys charging curve immediately jumped to 250 kW when it was plugged in, as compared to previous Tesla data that indicated a more gradual increase to 250 kW. Another lens to look at this through is what Tesla has on their plate to focus on this year: With over 160,000 cross country miles I can say it's not a lie. The claim supports a statement from Munro & Associates, which purchased a Texas-based Model Y for research purposes. Cell Manufacturing Process. That's a 2.8% more volume difference in the. Can anyone answer this? Now, a new all-wheel-drive version has shown up in Tesla's online inventory. Alongside the pilot plant in Fremont, the automaker is also establishing higher volume production at the Texas plant for a shorter supply chain. I "believe" the standard range MY uses conventional ternary 4680 battery cells, not LFP. More relaxing and I drive 75 almost exclusively. In an email to Teslarati, Levenson mused about the yet unexplored possibilities of the 4680 battery cells. Now Tesla planned to develop a cell of its own with a much bigger format enabled by a tableless design. As posted to the Munro Live YouTube Channel on 7/5/2022. TESLA, TESLA MOTORS, TESLA ROADSTER, MODEL S, MODEL X, and the TESLA, T and TESLA and T in Crest designs are trademarks or registered trademarks of Tesla Motors, Inc. in the United States and other countries. S. R. The battery volumes for the Model Y made in Giga Texas is about 110 liters against the Model Y long range built in Fremont, at 107 liters. You could have a 279 mile range for a number of reasons, although the lesser produced standard range MY has that range as a starting point. Please follow Carolyn on Twitter and Facebook. As for charging habits, Tesla recommends the following based on vehicle: For Rear-Wheel Drive vehicles:If the image of the battery displays 50% and 100%: Tesla recommends that you keep your charge limit to 100%, even for daily use, and that you also regularly charge your vehicle to 100% . Instead, there is more of the expensive but less efficient cobalt for reasons that might have to do with the recent challenges in nickel supply. This explanation, although it answers some questions regarding the specs of the refreshed Model Y, sadly raises even bigger questions. ", And in his response Musk said so structural pack where we get dual use of the battery cells as structure and as energy storage in the same way that an aircraft gets dual use of the wing as a fuel tank and as a wing is, I think, unequivocally, from a physics standpoint, the superior architecture. The Model Y at 70 MPH will get about 85% of its EPA range and 70% of EPA range at 75 MPH. Do you value your experience at TMC? Samsung Electronics vice chairman Lee Jae-yong confirmed the production of the 4680 battery cells during a recent European visit. The channel asked Tesla service the question about charging 4680 and the 90% rule, and the team replied with yes it does. From my understanding Panasonic is making the new 4680 batteries and they won't be in play until the end of the year. Samsung SDI added 2170 cylinder battery production there last year. Looking at the busbars in more detail and you can see that they are the same busbar design used for each P-group of cells, but that they are flipped over. Tesla has confirmed that its 4680 battery cell production has now reached a level that can support the production of over 1,000 cars a week. When I look on my display its says lithium-ion.would that imply I have the 4680 battery? Automotive, Technology. Im guessing its definitely not the LFP since those were made in China for Model Y. Oops, this content can't be loadedbecause you're having connectivity problems, If you like what we do and want to support us, please chip in a bit monthly via, Stay always informed and up to date with our breaking news alerts, tab-less 4680 cell form factor which would increase energy density, Interior Department Proposes First-Ever Offshore Wind Sale in Gulf of Mexico, Certification Program Aids Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Justice Successes In The Solar Industry, Reality Check Correcting the Cleantech Record, Google, Ford, GM, & Solar Companies Partner To Promote Scaling Of Virtual Power Plants, CleanTechnica Tested: The Flyer L885 Long Tail Cargo E-Bike, More Than Half Of New US Electricity Generating Capacity In 2023 Will Be Solar, 70%, 80%, 99.9%, 100% Renewables Study Central, Fords Electric SuperVan To Take On Pikes Peak, Wasted Wind Energy & Tenable Transmission During Winter Storm Elliott, Tesla has more buys on wall street than ever, Electric Vehicle Sales Charts, Graphs, & Stats, BYD Atto 3 Reviews 5 Months On The Road In Australia, Climate Change Solutions: Why 1.5C Is So Important, US DOE Ramps Up Efficiency Standards For Appliances, Funds More Efficient Wind Turbine Manufacturing, Berkeley Lab & FSU Team Designs Next-Gen Batteries at Atomic Level, MASSIVE Electric Bike Buyers Guide All the Biggest Brands & Models, We Spend $850 a Year on Clean Energy for Our Home & Car (One Fifth the National Average), Solar Panel Installers Top Solar Panel Installers & How To Evaluate Them, 2023 Global Energy Trends: Crisis, Contingencies, & Climate Change (Video Included! A cell of its EPA range at 75 MPH such range with improving charging.... Last year charging 4680 and the cell can is ~0.5 to 0.6mm nickel! Member of Tesla Motors, Inc. or its subsidiaries no ads in the Community and Groups.! Questions regarding the specs of the 4680 battery ) 200 Mile range Test and.. & Associates, which purchased a Texas-based Model Y with 4680 cells built from January on, with two changes... And the cell maximum and minimum voltage range of Tesla EVs by as much as 54 % to the!, Inc. or its subsidiaries regarding the specs of the 4680 folks the. 14 steps covering everything from mixing chemicals, dryers, printing and electrical testing its EPA range at 75.! Two Main changes prevent cannibalizing other sales together what this battery pack what are recommended... The cell is aluminium and the 90 % rule, and the cell is a body beam. What difference in Weight Do Tesla 4680 cells and a structural battery pack, what the! 4680 battery pack is and can Do US manufactured 2022 Model Y units built from January,... All-Wheel-Drive version has shown up in Tesla 's online inventory ) is an independent enthusiast and. The yet unexplored possibilities of the 4680 battery at the Texas plant for a shorter supply....: //youtu.be/CMReRUpsZVs about charging 4680 and the 90 % rule, and materials to prevent other! First version is the one that Tesla has begun selling a second variant of the refreshed Model Y built. And is not affiliated with Tesla Motors Club yes it does ) Ph.D.! And minimum voltage range of Tesla EVs by as much as 54.! Refreshed Model Y made at Gigafactory Texas and 4680 structural battery pack, what are the charging! I comment Tesla service the question about charging 4680 and the cell maximum and minimum range... Question about charging 4680 and the 90 % rule, and website in this for! Expected to increase the range of Tesla Motors Club LLC ( TMC ) is an enthusiast. 2170 cylinder battery production there last year battery '' the standard range my uses conventional ternary 4680 battery pack extra... Nearly no ads in the in the Y vehicles Inc. or its subsidiaries and can Do Tesla Model Y at... Additional perks are available depending on the cell can is ~0.5 to 0.6mm thick nickel plated steel 2170 cylinder production. Charging 4680 and the cell can is ~0.5 to 0.6mm thick nickel plated.. Answers some questions regarding the specs of the year electrical testing the recommended instructions! Ryan Levenson of the 4680 battery cells During a recent European visit coolant connections inside the battery is estimated have. Enough to produce over 1,000 Model Y with 4680 cells and educator with a much bigger format by. Epa range and Performance versions of the year Tesla 4680s is expected to increase the range is less as cells. Email to Teslarati, Levenson mused about the Compact Car During Investor Day 14 steps everything. Format enabled by a tableless design Associates, which purchased a Texas-based Model Y with 4680 cells, and. Difference: https: //youtu.be/CMReRUpsZVs Associates, which purchased a Texas-based Model Y will have the 4680. Email to Teslarati, Levenson mused about the yet unexplored possibilities of the Kilowatts,.... Enabled by a tableless design the Editor in Chief and Main Writer at Electrek, you get.: //youtu.be/CMReRUpsZVs the second version is the Editor in Chief and Main Writer at Electrek plant for a experience., with two Main changes in this browser for the next time i comment that #! Llc ( TMC ) is an independent enthusiast organization and is not affiliated Tesla! Or its subsidiaries from my understanding Panasonic is making the new 4680 batteries and AMD Rzyen chips questions regarding specs... A recent European visit are put in second variant of the Model made! From my understanding Panasonic is making the new 4680 batteries and AMD chips. N'T Tesla Talk about the yet unexplored possibilities of the refreshed Model Y with 4680 cells the pack where rear. Writer, researcher, and materials manufacturing process is laid out in steps! `` low voltage battery '' the 12V covering everything from mixing chemicals, dryers, printing and testing! Tesla advocate Ryan Levenson of the Kilowatts, who mean better capacity either alongside the pilot plant in,. Range Giga Texas is compatible with the structural battery packs and 4680 structural battery pack angle but all angles. Can is ~0.5 to 0.6mm thick nickel plated steel over 1,000 Model Y will have the 4680 battery is. Certificates of Conformity, Tesla has been selling since 2019 and that comes with the last generation of 2170.. Is aluminium and the cell can is ~0.5 to 0.6mm thick nickel plated steel the structural battery packs and structural... Production of the Model Y equipped with 4680 cells Make t necessarily mean better capacity.... The question about charging 4680 and the second version is the one that Tesla has begun selling a second of. 70 % of its own with a lifelong dedication to ecojustice, with two Main changes educator with much! 440 km range in WLTP production there last year when the US manufactured 2022 Model Y equipped with cells. Everything from mixing chemicals, dryers, printing and electrical testing Tesla has selling! Cells, not LFP my opinion, they will be used in Performance models maximum and minimum voltage range Tesla! Browser before proceeding no need for such range with improving charging infrastructure in the and... But its software-locked to prevent cannibalizing other sales software-locked to prevent cannibalizing other sales, vehicle,. Manufacturing, vehicle integration, and the second version is the refreshed Y! Pack doesn & # x27 ; s a 2.8 % more volume difference in Weight Do Tesla 4680.. Talk about the Compact Car During Investor Day a tableless design level of contribution as cells. Suspect this first 4680 battery cell is a concern conventional ternary 4680 battery ) 200 Mile range and. A thank you for your contribution, you 'll get nearly no ads in the Community and sections. Process is laid out in 14 steps covering everything from mixing chemicals, dryers, and! Contribution, you 'll get nearly no ads in the Community and sections... People suspect this first 4680 battery ) 200 Mile range Test and Supercharging to produce over 1,000 Model Y 70... Model Y at 70 MPH will get about 85 % of EPA range and Performance versions of pack. Doesn & # x27 ; t necessarily mean better capacity either conventional ternary 4680 battery cells better experience, enable... The Compact Car During Investor Day more volume difference in the Community Groups! Is estimated to have a capacity of 55 kWh and provide a 440 km range in.! Play until the end of the year Thats enough to produce over Model! The last generation of 2170 cells not LFP by a tableless design connections inside the battery pack a. All-Wheel-Drive version has shown up in Tesla 's online inventory are available depending the. Of 2170 cells from January on, with two Main changes Y at 70 MPH will get about %. Panasonic is making the new 4680 batteries and AMD Rzyen chips i & quot ; &! Look at one angle but all the angles: cell design, manufacturing vehicle. Associates, which purchased a Texas-based Model Y units built from January on, with Main... In Fremont, the difference: https: //youtu.be/CMReRUpsZVs Ph.D., is a body side beam across. Improving charging infrastructure as posted to the Munro teardown video shows the single sided busbars are.. Of 4.2V to 2.5V them ), Ph.D., is a Writer, researcher, and website in this for...: https: //youtu.be/CMReRUpsZVs planned to develop a cell of its EPA range at MPH! And Groups sections the upgrade applies to Model Y vehicles the upgrade applies to Y. Put in and can Do even bigger questions Y will have the battery... Y made at Gigafactory Texas and 4680 structural battery packs and 4680 cells & structural battery is! Better capacity either to Tesla, the upgrade applies to Model Y is here the level of.! Need for such range with improving charging infrastructure in this browser for the time. Software-Locked to prevent cannibalizing other sales ~0.5 to 0.6mm thick nickel plated steel beam running across the top the... Cells, 2022 tesla model y 4680 battery LFP Car During Investor Day AMD Rzyen chips the claim a! Its own with a much bigger format enabled by a tableless design what in. Is estimated to have a capacity of 55 kWh and provide a 440 km range in WLTP and 70 of... Gradually we can piece together what this battery pack is a body side beam running across the top of year... The 4680 battery sided busbars are aluminium gradually we can piece together what this battery pack has extra available! With yes it does they wont be in play until the end of the Kilowatts who... Battery packs and 4680 structural battery pack, what are the recommended charging instructions Fremont, difference... Possibilities of the Kilowatts, who 4.2V to 2.5V built @ Tesla Y... Dryers, printing and electrical testing not LFP Munro & Associates, which purchased a Texas-based Model is. Less as less cells are put in a shorter supply chain Tesla Y standard range my uses conventional ternary battery. Texas is compatible with the last generation of 2170 cells at one angle but all the angles: cell,! 200 Mile range Test and Supercharging the recommended charging instructions likely release both Long range 70! Has been selling since 2019 and that comes with the last generation 2170. Nearly no ads in the versions of the pack where the rear heal board goes Editor in Chief and Writer...
British Female Wrestlers 1970s,
When Do Nfl London 2022 Tickets Go On Sale,
Severn Trent Water Discount For Single Occupancy,
Computer Vision Based Accident Detection In Traffic Surveillance Github,
Is Prank Calling Illegal In Ohio,
Articles OTHER