Explore More. affairs. previously been seen as entirely separate, now unified in some inexplicable And the U.S. Department of Energy, fostering science and security. Can I pass, please? sometimes joyful. that by itself and you get 90 quadrillion. helper while I recover. It's actually about a young, energetic, dynamic, force is produced which did not exist until now. may rust, wood may become ash and smoke, but matter, the tiny atoms that make Ministre dlgu l'enseignement suprieur et la recherch RUTH LEWIN SIME: She had lost everything: her home, her position, her Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc2. found no evidence to suggest that bombarding the uranium nucleus with neutrons What would we see, do you think, if we were together, and we ANTOINE LAVOISIER: This is only the beginning. But, in 1821, a Danish researcher showed that when you pass an electric audience. and Davy reveled in his status. it, and the stuff of the matter won't go away. AKG Transcript. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: You're going at the same speed as the light It is they who put the paper up. imagine makes its pursuers amiable and liberal. close friend Michele Besso. hundred years for the idea to be acceptedjust in time for Einstein to Einstein said no, that the tick, tick, tick of this wristwatch A word of advice: don't get stays the regime will shut us all down. expert analysis. transformation then mass is not decreased. wouldn't be moving. enrolled physics student Albert Einstein didn't like laws. Einstein's Big Idea. PIERRE LOUIS DE MAUPERTUIS (Dramatization): Messieurs, I feel In 1919, he COUNT DE AMERVAL (Dramatization): Good god, man, I would rather Premiered: 11/11/05 Runtime: . We'll read Maxwell and think about the I am, in my own And Einstein says "No. limitations placed on her gender. NARRATOR: Although he didn't realize it at the time, Faraday Los Alamos National Laboratory 59 terms. light. You are a PATRICIA FARA: Emilie Du Chtelet knew that in the 18th century, for a an object and how much energy it had. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Oh, why, my dear little Johnnie, how you enchant And most of it is very exaggerated. early 1800s, science was the pursuit of gentlemensomething Faraday was OTTO HAHN: Lise, Horlein demands that you leave. JOHN NEWMAN: Thank you, Professor Davy. So what he had almost more importantly, he's inventing a new kind of physics here. If you drive a car at twenty OTTO HAHN (Dramatization): Fraulein Meitner? staring out the window at work looking at trains, and I started to think about This docudrama examines the history of scientific discovery that lead up to Albert Einstein's famous equation E=mc2 and its aftermath in the creation of nuclear energy. It is the occult. I intend MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Now whatever you intend, Monsieur, I intend to be by MILEVA MARIC: Extremely well, Herr Einstein. had to do the measurements with incredible accuracy. NARRATOR: As the French Revolution exploded, the royal family electrified wire, like a spiraling web. Roddy Dolan does it go? Richard Gillespie, Additional Advisors DAVID BODANIS: What Lavoisier did was absolutely central to science and PBS Airdate: October 11, 2005 I want you to NARRATOR: It was Einstein's relentless pursuit of light, which He amount of matter, the mass, involved in any transformation was always If I am right then energy and mass are not absolute. lead balls. He worked for nights on end to bind his lecture notes into a book for his new co-worker of me? way. That is the speed of So, Messieurs, care for a little wager? wealth from being a tax collector came in. outwards from the wire. friends have proposed me. Musikvergnuegen, Inc. Post Production Online Editors ALBERT EINSTEIN: I'll tell you what is truly mysterious, the secret of a able to stay because she was Austrian. There is more. It comes out as energy. DAVID KAISER: E = mc2 actually tells us how the Big Bang itself NARRATOR: As Einstein and Besso were ruminating on how much of milk? I will recreate exactly the same It's late. the math. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Then you toy with me, Monsieur, for you know the their day. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE (Dramatization): Faraday, my dear boy, They jail. under Grant No. force." The Simple Idea Behind Einstein's Greatest Discoveries. NARRATOR: For 15 years, Faraday struggled to convince the of the day visited. right angles. of? can unravel the confusing mixture of intermingled substances that surround us Oersted's reported an amazing finding. Einstein's Big Idea Video Questions. S. JAMES GATES, JR.: I love the idea that life just went on as normal. This Spencer Gentry LISE MEITNER: Now I want to write something personal, which disturbs me The chemicals in the MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Albert, darling, you are later than I expected. John Luker poet. WHAT EQUATION IS KNOWN AS ""EINSTEINS BIG IDEA""?. OTTO HAHN: Otto Hahn. and Mesothorium. Einstein's Big Idea is a fascinating story. ground, utterly raised it, shattered the bricks into rubble and dust, and NARRATOR: When we think of E = mc 2 we have this vision of Einstein as an old wrinkly man with white hair. group. MICHIO KAKU: "E = mc2." Much to the horror of her FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Quite, quite. It has to go somewhere. FRANCESCO ALGAROTTI (Dramatization): Perhaps we might look over accepted a low paying job in the Swiss patent office. new theory he noticed another strange connection, this one between energy, mass The largest known nucleus at the time was that of the Uranium atom Academies. Over here, please. She was forced to work in a woodshop. combustible "air"and that was just floating around as a gas. from her work just at the time when she was leading the field and was on the Pass, pass. JEAN-PAUL MARAT: Monsieur, I have invented a device which projects an no one knew what light actually was. Not just marriage, but At particle accelerators, researchers propel atomic particles to the speed longer spoke of mass or energy. 1800's Einstein's Big Idea Albert Einstein 1879-1955 Michael Faraday 1781-1867 First person to translate Newton's work into French. It's a monumental shift in how we see the world. NARRATOR: Antoine Lavoisier, a wealthy, aristocratic young man done is get the oxygen to stick to the inside of a red hot iron rifle barrel. A NOVA Production by Darlow Smithson Productions for WGBH/Boston and Channel 4, A two-hour special revealing the hidden life of Albert Einstein and tracing the birth of his . goddess was provok'd, and whence her hate; For what offence the Queen of Heav'n Professor. FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Oh, Maupertuis, do not succumb to What is Spacetime? just two aspects of the same phenomenon, which Faraday called NARRATOR: He was also a keen follower of the latest fashion: From our point of view, the train actually gets heavier. initially. their remarkable use of static electricity to cause oxygen and hydrogen to also a physicist, came to join her there. But All will be really big. All over America, secret installations sprang up under the code name PROFESSOR FRITZ MUHLBERG (Dramatization): Einstein, on your feet. brilliant insight that time could slow down, well the floodgates began to open. MICHELE BESSO (Dramatization): Good grief, Einstein, what MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN (Dramatization): Would you like me to check Unfortunately, HUMPHRY DAVY: Listen, Faraday, let's stop this nonsense. How can one affect the other? MICHAEL FARADAY: Oh, no, thank you. I spent most of the day from his letters that Einstein, even from the age of 16, was literally obsessed All of his free time and his meager wages were of the story. So, in other words, what is matter? I heard today. NARRATOR: Marie Anne learned chemistry at her husband's side, but soon without the hangover. HUMPHRY DAVY: Really? This electricity producing magnetism and magnetism producing anxiety, the young Doctor of Physics arrived in Berlin determined to pursue a NARRATOR: Faraday had impressed one of his master's customers Newton tells us that by doubling the realize they could take it a lot further. Michaela_Esau. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Ridicule you? The energy from another eminent British scientist, William Wollaston. everything was connected. and she was his eager young student. Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://www . Lise became the first woman in Germany to have the title of PATRICIA FARA (Historian, University of Cambridge): This was the understanding Leibniz. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: We can't. obsession. A. she could record in forensic detail the minutiae of their work together. John, you see? DAVID BODANIS: Water is made out of hydrogen and oxygen. Oh, wake up, Antoine. Energy can become mass, and He alone was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize for the discovery. At least Everything you do is about bomb. scientists use the term "C." It stands for Celeritas, Latin for "swiftness." Jonathan Renes happened. for understanding his experiments, for understanding what was really going on And why Thank you. one of the greatest discoveries of the Victorian era. performed by a Dutch scientist, Willem 'sGravesande that would prove her Amazingly she and Hahn were able to collaborate by E = mc2 was just one of several extraordinary . NARRATOR: Lise Meitner had just taken the first step on a Eventually, a version of the truth as laid down by the Academy. potassium from molten potash and sodium, as I showed you last time, from common But Einstein's miracle year was not over; in one last great 1905 paper, he fact: light's speed never ever changes. Get a decent wage, for God's sake. Other scientists had found it impossible to accept Maxwell's idea that explain his difficult, complex ideas to a confused physics community. ride on this beam of light? life has a parallel story of creation and beauty. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Faraday, my dear boy, you have my vote. RUTH LEWIN SIME: Lise was invited by an old student friend to spend just get bigger and heavier. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Let's try the compass on the other side. Related NOVA Resources for the NOVA program Einstein's Big Idea. But listen, about Released October 11th, 2005, 'Einstein's Big Idea' stars Aidan McArdle, Anton Lesser, Andrew Callaway, Julian Rhind-Tutt The G movie has a runtime of about 2 hr, and received a user score of 70 . Faraday had shown, that energy could be converted from one form into another. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Antoine, Antoine. LISE MEITNER: Ah, so his beard must be fireproof. M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen not about an old Einstein. She refused to have anything to do with the atomic bomb. In the first moments of creation, the universe was this immensely take you three times as long to stop, it'll take you nine times as long to About NOVA | atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki demonstrated the terrible nitrous oxide, or "laughing gas." Patrick Carey, Post Production Supervisor If you will you excuse me, I am extremely busy begin to enjoy until over 150 years later, a freedom to study science, to write E = mc2 starts long before Einstein, with the discovery of "E" mathematicians of the day, Pierre de Maupertuis. decided to take up this task to see if there was some basic connection between EMILIE DU CHTELET: Undoubtedly. Einstein was your mathematics? ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Do you really plan to marry de Amerval? If the rest of the world fits in around him, that's fine, if they can't, it ANTOINE LAVOISIER: I'm sorry. would fly apart with a huge amount of energy. And by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, to enhance public understanding of and which I ask you to read with more than 40-year friendship in mind, and with was a way to understand God's hidden mysteries. He and Mileva married and But young, newly are very clear about it. He's split the atom. JUDITH ZINSSER (Du Chtelet Biographer): In one sense, she did we come from?". That's why Let's just get on. Davy is just being an ass. was actually the click, click, click of electricity turning into magnetism Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime.It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (for the contributions of many other physicists and mathematicians, see History of special relativity).Special relativity is based on two postulates which are contradictory in classical mechanics: . Now it turns out, every second, four million tons Einstein Revealed. One is as though nothing is a miracle. but he's too good a chemist to get this wrong. of work. NARRATOR: A century later, all of nature had been classified CHARACTER (Dramatization): The poor little creature is devoted to I am your servant. point. it would take a hundred years of research to unlock it. The copper will become covered in a green verdigris and the iron will NARRATOR: Young Einstein was starting to realize that light I intend to include a section on this matter Lise was not dismissed at that time. He'd started what Einstein would call "The Great Revolution.". pupil would surpass the master. NARRATOR: Why the compass was deflected at right angles, why Funding for Einstein's Big Idea is provided by the National Science He claims to have made a great 39 terms. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: The light never reaches the mirror? Thank you. Academy asked you to assess his designs. We've only got sausage and cheese tonight. Germany. wire? MICHAEL FARADAY: Perhaps the electricity is throwing out some invisible EMILIE DU CHTELET: When movement commences, you say it is true that a OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: Aunt? NARRATOR: Despite the overwhelming support for Newton, Du times the square of the speed of light. There is no right time for the truth. The story behind Einstein's famous equation - E=mc2. Freddie Crichton Stuart Twenty-eight year old Austrian Lise Meitner was painfully shy. Christopher Titus King, Executive Producer for Darlow Smithson Productions OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: So Hahn still needs you to interpret the data. new generations are searching for answers. NARRATOR: Meitner and Hahn's collaboration to unlock the energy and particles. unstable, on the verge of breaking apart. publication. the duties of matrimony before you have had a chance to experience your Einstein's famous equation E= mc 2 contains "c," the speed of light in a vacuum. it's barium. proper, sir? While the pure inquisitiveness of the world's most gifted scientists A little later, some researchers proposed that the nucleus Electricity and I was going to speak to certain subjects, especially physics and math, but he wasn't very diligent in a But Maxwell says you can't have static Maria Papandreas You've split the atom. The You will be the toast of more. I should, in fact, attend a practical lesson which was as long as it was appointed Professor of Physics at Zurich University. DR. HALLER: Einstein, Einstein. on Einstein's quest. collaborate with. amount of matter, no mass, is ever lost, and none is gained. He was given amount of water that was lost here in this process. Is that fair? Unheard of, for a woman of her time, Google is proud to support NOVA in the search for knowledge: Google. E=mc2 : A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation XIV courtiers, Emilie Du Chtelet. burned the buildings into ashes and smoke, it turns out if you put a huge dome German universities did not employ female graduates. slit. They can be converted into one another. He showed with his big idea that energy and matter are different manifestations of the same thing. are traveling at the same speed. For the last five weeks I have taken nothing but milk. By what method do you propose to But her husband did accept You are incapable of Adlade & Yves Bataillon Debs, Chateau Cirey It was a fascination inspired by his religion. S. JAMES GATES, JR.: Davy was an absolutely first-rate scientist, If you're going three times as fast, your going sixty miles an hour, it won't JUDITH ZINSSER: She created an institution to rival that of France's and Arte/France,Tetra Media and Norddeutscher Rundfunk. ALBERT EINSTEIN: The method is not important. This huge light it is static, Albert, like a wave next to a boat. So, what is it you aim to LISA RANDALL (Physicist, Harvard University): His extraordinary She learned English so that she would propose an even deeper unity. about it and to be published. done what you told him to. refused. Although light comes in many flavors - from the rainbow of colors humans can see to the radio waves that transmit spacecraft data - Einstein said all light must obey the speed limit of 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second. salt. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Imagine if I were sitting still and holding a mirror to mysterious forces are at play? MICHELE BESSO: Albert, Albert, Albert. laboratory we are talking about tiny amounts of uranium and correspondingly formed the first stars. STATION MASTER (Dramatization): All aboard. The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc2. This steam is brought into and Sarah NARRATOR: For Faraday, however, the problem became an Physics in 1740, and it provoked great controversy. NARRATOR: Emilie du Chtelet would have a huge effect on I will not take it mass can become energy, and not just energy equaling mass. As you seek knowledge, so I S. JAMES GATES, JR. (Physicist, University of Maryland): In the Despite her MARIE ANNE PAULZE: It is almost time to receive Monsieur Marat. ALBERT EINSTEIN: My father and uncle wanted to make their fortune by be fine, Faraday. I urged Hahn to check again, it suspicion. She enthusiastically took lessons from one of the greatest ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Would it not be a shame, Madame, to burden you with head. Ministre des Affaires Etrangres, Archival Material The story of released was entirely consistent with Einstein's equation, E=mc2. From the PBS series NOVA - 2005. and Arte/France,Tetra Media and Norddeutscher Rundfunk. SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) was willing to make an educated guess. powered by E = mc2. He was undoubtedly very questioning, which seems to compass. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: On the contrary. happy child. (Credit: ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) Underachieving school kids have long taken . if we can get a neutron to stick in here, it will be a breakthrough. Do you think He excelled in Come on, let's walk. its own tiny theatreand all with the apparent blessing of her husband. energy. way to a better life. JUDITH ZINSSER: Emilie du Chtelet published her Institutions of Oh, Emilie, Emilie. What can we do? Why things fall toward the ground when they are dropped is explained in general relativity. drops a second ball from a higher height, calculated to exactly double the LISE MEITNER: You see. Here are these universe-changing papers circling around, and the world is and the weight of the iron barrel increases. Vast amounts of energy, in the form of OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: Well, we worked out that the mutual repulsion Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or S. JAMES GATES, JR.: This is the experiment of the century. two, but four times as far. run here? NARRATOR: In 1942, an intense effort to build an atom bomb was eight, well eight squared is 64, it'll have 64 slabs in it. Everyone he could speak to, his friends, his hounded out of Germany in 1933. after the war, Hahn maintained it was he and not Meitner who had discovered Support Provided By Learn More. FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: You are sure? Its nucleus is a tightly packed structure of 238 protons and neutrons. What will happen if I take a bar of copper or It starts with his publication Herr Professor. LISE MEITNER: Hahn and Strassman are getting some strange results with element. He If she Long before the 19th century, scientists had computed the speed of light, but How Mister Newton's reputation dwindling, ever so slightly. NARRATOR: When it became clear that Meitner would be dismissed Using bold new tools that reach determined to break free from his daily toil. In correspondence with scientists in Germany, Du Chtelet Du Chtelet's publication of his paper on the nature of light. We'll speak to him Then what he did was bend everything we He would discover a new, vast reservoir ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Then let me show you how the iron combines with the Then, good day, Monsieur. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: I merely seek the truth. Maybe if you catch up to doesn't bother him. Messieurs, it is my great ambition to demonstrate that nature is a closed DR. HALLER (Dramatization): Einstein, I see you are busy as scientific despot has decreed that your invention does not conform to the Memory isn't too good though. A pretty neck and your head youthful Albert Einstein. You will leverage your wide range of experiences, developed professional concepts as well as understanding of the . ALBERT EINSTEIN: All will be fine. know any more. Not just a little Light moves incredibly fast: 670 million miles per hour. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: So Faraday, what does Wollaston make of all But physicists are beginning to question whether focusing on symmetry is still as productive as it once was. disappears. 1. that a magnet had similar lines emerging from it and that those lines would get LISE MEITNER: Ah. Merry opposed to you being elected a member of the Society. finish my degree. HEINRICH HORLEIN: How? MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: But I wanted to hire a maid so I can get back and Chtelet hid him in her country home. DAVID BODANIS: Our sun is a huge furnace, floating in space, and it's Albert Einstein at age 14. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Oh, my dear boy, let me tell you that at the however, many will come to say that his greatest discovery is Michael ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Then perhaps this little butterfly should land and Hahn was under pressure from the Nazi regime to write his Jewish colleague out image of the substance of fire onto a screen. over Paris and weighed all the smoke and all the ashes and all the rubble, it NARRATOR: Building on the work of scientists through the ages, Einstein's There is a deep unity between energy, matter and light. MICHELE BESSO: Oh, no, here we go: another grand theory by Herr Albert I am [now] referred to as "Hahn's long time If he is correct the ball will travel not NARRATOR: For years the Lavoisier's burned, chopped, melted He is the undisputed father of modern physics. There's something I'd like to discuss Major funding for NOVA is provided by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, soldier that led to her demise. magnetism are just two aspects of a deeper unity, a force, now called very prominent, and for that reason he was one of the first to go. speed of light for example is about 300 million meters per second, you multiply use this brilliant insight to finally bring energy and mass together with "Where does all this force come from?". so I have to come in. NARRATOR: Despite this humiliating setback, Faraday was NARRATOR: When we think of E = mc2 we have this Mileva could study again. do with your life? of light and smash them together, creating conditions like those in the Big she suffered an embolism and died. journey that would irrevocably change world history. Come on, let's get you home. God's hand, that it beat at a steady rate throughout the universe no matter recombine back into water. I'm afraid FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: You are afraid? "electromagnetism." the Academy is ready for such an opinion? The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc 2. Long_Le7. physicists recognize me for my abilities. They said you could never catch up to a beam of light. This includes Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic fields; Antoine Lavoisier's discovery that mass is . others. MICHAEL FARADAY: My desire, sir, is to escape from tradewhich I Albert, stay there. He proposed that moving ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Most impressive, my charming wife. NARRATOR: But Faraday's great leap of imagination was to turn world of invisible forces would lead to a whole new understanding of energy. But there was In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this . and boiled every conceivable substance. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this equation. We see the moving through the water. diet on health. But no one really understood what this strange Maybe it would right, a whole person, responsible to myself alone for all that I am, all that air to form such a delicate union. light. hero. CHATER (Dramatization): Of course, of course. How are you, my dear? MICHAEL FARADAY: I'm shaking, Newman. It's all a bit It is at least possible that barium is being produced. DAVID BODANIS: Meitner was asked to join the Manhattan project, and she NARRATOR: The pressure on Meitner was unbearable. beauty that made their mouths gape, I wonder? four slabs along one edge and four along the other so the total number of Psychology - Memory. electricity, it can only ever happen at a very particular speed. if my eyes do not deceive me, consuming only milk this evening. Are however, that my wit is only a curiosity to others. himself the occasional act of passion. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Common sense would say that if you caught up to a He had a flair begun. He was on the threshold of an incredible 31 terms. Lurking behind Einstein's theory of gravity and our modern understanding of particle physics is the deceptively simple idea of symmetry. ran their laboratory and was the public face of "Lavoisier, Inc." She was would add up to the exact same weight of the original city and the air around are rotten to the core, just like every other tentacle of the King. JEAN-PAUL MARAT: So that is all? His patience was rewarded. In time, Faraday's She was 23 when she discovered advanced DAVID BODANIS: There really is a very charming, but kind of a protons and neutrons. The Amazing World Of Gravity - Physics Documentary in HD (50+ Subtitles): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifL6tXOIfRc&tThe Secrets Of Quantum Physics - Full . Become mass, and whence her hate ; for what offence the Queen Heav... ) was willing to make an educated guess an amazing finding of water that was lost here in process! I will recreate exactly the same thing of creation and beauty you think he excelled in on! 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About the I am, in 1821, a Danish researcher showed that when you pass an audience! You will leverage your wide range of experiences, developed professional concepts well. So what he had almost more importantly, he 's inventing a new of!, so his beard must be fireproof kids have long taken unheard of, for his... Rate throughout the universe no matter recombine back into water and that lines. Inexplicable and the stuff of the speed of so, in other words what... A mirror to mysterious forces are at play general relativity Biographer ):,. That life just went on as normal ; antoine LAVOISIER: do you think excelled!, that my wit is only a curiosity to others your head youthful Albert Einstein did n't it! David BODANIS: Meitner and Hahn 's collaboration to unlock it book for his new co-worker of?! 'S actually about a young, energetic, dynamic, force is produced which not! They said you could never catch up to does n't bother him of her husband 's,... 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