buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia

There was a succession of kings, including the Buddhist supporter King Milinda (r. 160140 bce). 3, pp. Zysk, Kenneth. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) From the 7th century onward, Vajrayana Buddhism spread rapidly throughout the area. Buddhism in early 21st-century Southeast Asia is often described as Theravada Buddhism, in contrast to Mahayana Buddhism found farther to the north and east. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. Although celibacy is postulated for the Buddhist clergy everywhere, there have always been notable exceptions. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The interest in the councils lie in what philosophical, ethical, and social questions they raised and how those were resolved to support the evolution of the doctrine and spread of the community. Yangon: Universities Historical Research Centre, 1996. In Myanmar and Thailand, despite the presence of Hindu, Mahayana, and Vajrayana elements, the more-conservative Hinayana forms of Buddhism were especially prominent throughout the 1st millennium ce. However, it is also true that women in Asian Buddhist cultures had extensive and important roles in local communities in addition to positive, historical human and divine role models. 57(3): 271-96, Hla Myo Nwe (1997) The Myanmar Buddhist 'hsoon laung' tradition (providing sustenance to the Sangha) Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) 2, no.4 33-36, Hooker, M.B. If Upli should learn calculation his breast will become painful. Sacred biography in the Buddhist traditions of South and Southeast Asia. Toward an environmental ethic in Southeast Asia. 1011). 1993 79-92 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .B834 1993, Johnson, W.J. A translation of the Pali Vinaya. Such lavish support brought merit to the wealthy and royal classes. The final chapter explores recent scientific interest in Nonetheless, monasticism became the vehicle for the transmission of Buddhism to Tibet, China, and Japan, and to new monastic sites in Cambodia, Pagan, Burma, Java, and elsewhere. I thank the organizers and members of the audience for their feedback. Monasteries often accumulated so much influence that they threatened the integrity and credibility of lay governments and were thus a threat to established lay political authority. Von Hinuber, Oskar. Buddhists believe that the best way to follow the path to enlightenment is to live a disciplined lifestyle, one conducive to generating awareness of one's mental states and the causally produced nature of all elements of existence. 178-186 Hamilton BQ4012 .P73, Bechert, Heinz (1978), German studies of Buddhism in Southeast Asia In: Cultures in encounter: Germany and the Southeast Asian nations: a documentation of the ASEAN Cultural Week, Tubingen, Summer 1977. The myth of the historical Buddha's life provides the basic model for Buddhist monasticism. The Daoist settlements of sages, in forests and mountain glades as well as in the cities, are, at best, analogous to the eremitic type of proto-monasticism. 1 (1995): 745. The Hindu and Buddhist Tantric groups (practicing occult, sometimes sexual, meditative techniques) represent esoteric countermonasticism in India, though these practices have been accepted fully in certain Tibetan Buddhist hierarchies. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 253p. The new residences soon increased in size, quantity, and quality, thanks in part to continuing donations of buildings and land by the lay populations and political authorities. 1989 119-141; also In (89-437) 107-129 Windward CC BL1032 .R47 1989, Swearer, Donald K. (1995), The Buddhist world of Southeast Asia / Albany : State University of New York Press, Hamilton Asia BQ410 .S93 1995, Wurlitzer, Rudolph (1994), Hard travel to sacred places, Boston : Shambhala, Hamilton Asia DS554.382 .W87 1994, Adolescence Hamilton, Hamilton Asia HQ35.A1 A3Akademika (Kuala Lumpur) Hamilton Asia AS486.U54 A13Aliran Monthly (Pulau Pinang) Hamilton Asia Folio DS591 .A45American Anthropologist (Arlington, VA) , Hamilton Main GN1 .A5American Ethnologist (Washington, DC) Hamilton Main GN1 .A53Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (Pune, India) Hamilton Asia PK101 .B6Anthropological forum Hamilton Main- GN4 .A5Anthropos (Fribourg, Switzerland) Hamilton Main GN1 .A7Archaeology (New York) Hamilton Main GN700 .A725Archiv Orientalni (Prague) Hamilton Main DS1 .A47Archives de sciences sociales des religions. Statue of Buddha in Bodh Gaya, India Bodh Gaya is one of the most important historical sites in Buddhism. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/monasticism-buddhist-monasticism. The history of women in Buddhist monasticism is varied. King Kertanagara of Java (reigned 126892) was especially devoted to Tantric practice. The attraction of Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia was as much political as spiritual. In addition to endowments and donations, monasteries and individual monks were sometimes given, often via intermediaries, profit-making farms, farmlands, and livestock. The place of animism within popular Buddhism in Cambodia: the example of the monastery Asian folklore studies. 808-956-7203 (Circulation), Library Digital Collections Disclaimer and Copyright information, https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/sea, The House and the World: Architecture of Asia, equal opportunity/affirmative action institution. Furthermore, images of the Dpankara Buddha were found in diverse sites in eastern Java, some of these elements belong to the Indian Amaravati and Gupta Schools of Art. Besides, archaeological findings in Beikthano situated in the western regions of modern Myanmar revealed a Buddhist stupa (Buddhist monument) having similarities with a stupa in Amaravathi in the eastern coasts of the Indian Subcontinent. Whiting Bay, Isle of Arran, Scotland : Kiscadale Publications Hamilton Asia DS529.2 .T473 1988, Than Tun (2002), Buddhist art and architecture with special reference to Myanma / Yangon: Sein Pan Myaing : Distributed by Mon Ywe, Hamilton Asia N7312 .T53 2002, Tin Maung Maung Than (1993), Sangha reforms and renewal of sasana in Myanmar: historical trends and contemporary practice, In: Ling, Trevor, ed. The development of trade amongst merchants of the region along the Silk Roads resulted in a further expansion of Buddhism towards eastern Asian lands, especially in Thailand and Indonesia regions; where excavations displayed the interactions of these lands with Buddhist institutions linked to trading groups. There are, nonetheless, some documented illustrations of doctrinal and disciplinary evolution of the order. Aforementioned examples could help to see how the active trade networks and the increase of the monastic system in the Indian Subcontinent permitted both the expansion of Buddhism towards the east, and also reinforced the cultural interactions between the people living along the Silk Roads. In later northern Buddhism (i.e., Mahayana), the role of the historical Buddha was reduced, and the order (sangha) acquired an even more exalted position. Chinese monasteries interacted closely with government and influenced legal guidelines in politics, business, and lay life. 430p., 20p. Yangon: Universities Historical Research Centre, 1996. This book takes a major step in filling that gap, offering a broad overview of the subject that is relevant not only for the field of Cambodian studies, but also for students and scholars of Southeast Asian history, Buddhism, comparative religion, and anthropology. The Vinaya monastic literature records that early monks and nuns wandered from place to place, even through the rainy season. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981. 1995 307-345 Hamilton Asia HN700.6 .A8 D55 1995, Nagata, Judith (2001), World religions as a source of power among Chinese women in Malaysia, In: Armstrong, M. Jocelyn; Armstrong, R. Warwick; Mulliner, Kent, eds. From 1414 to 1428 Buddhism in Vietnam was persecuted by the Chinese, who had again conquered the country. 366p. Papers presented at the International Conference on Southeast Asian Literatures, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 19-21 May 1997. Of the not numerous but clearly monastic or quasi-monastic organizations of recent origin in other parts of Asia, the Vietnamese Cao Dai achieved some impact. The world of Buddhism: Buddhist monks and nuns in society and culture. The Buddhist heritage: papers delivered at the symposium of the same name convened at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, November 1985. In Laos and Cambodia, both of which suffered an extended period of French rule followed by devastation during the Vietnam War and the violent imposition of communist rule, the Buddhist community has been severely crippled. The monastic discipline of the Buddhist clergy varies widely in the different parts of the Buddhist world. After the fall of the Mauryas, Buddhism continued to develop with government support from central Asian kingdoms. 30-42 Hamilton Asia DS 527.9 .C66 1995, Okudaira Ryuji (1989), Note on the Burmese Dhammathats or law texts and Buddhist polity in Burma / In Yoshihiro Tsubouchi (ed) The formation of urban civilization in Southeast Asia / Kyoto : Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Hamilton Asia HT147.A785 F67 1989, 'On` So` (1972), Historical sites in Burma [Rangoon] Ministry of Union Culture, Govt. 2550 McCarthy Mall Schopen, Gregory. 19(2): 29-45, The major teachlngs of Vietnamese Buddhism (1972), Vietnam Magazine (Saigon), 5, nos.1-2 (Jan-Feb) 11-15, The, Hung (1979), Thien Buddhist school, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.56 : 30-56, Thich Thien Chau (1990), Bioethics as seen by Buddhists, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.25 : 83-102, Thich Thien Chau (1993), Prominent figures of Vietnamese Buddhism, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.38 : 35-55, Topmiller, Robert (1997), Confrontation in Danang: III MAF and the Buddhist struggle movement in South Vietnam, 1966 [Third Marine Amphibious Force], Journal of American-East Asian Relations (Chicago) 6, nos.2-3 (Sum-Fall) 207-234, Tran Thi Bang Thanh (1993), The two Buddhist literary tendencies of Vietnam's Middle Ages, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.38: 26-34, Trian Nguyen (1995), Contemporary Vietnamese publications on Buddhism: a bibliographic review, CORMOSEA Bulletin (Ann Arbor, MI) 24, no.1 (Jun) 8-13, Van Nhan (1974), Buddhism in Vietnam: the middle path, Vietnam Magazine (Saigon) 7, no.5 : 7-9, Vu Van Vinh (1999), Development of Confucianism in the Tran dynasty and the struggle of Confucian scholars against Buddhism at the end of the XIV century, Vietnam Social Sciences (Hanoi) no.2 (70) : 55-60, VIETNAM: BOOKS, OR BOOK CHAPTERSAnonymous (2001), In: Buddhism in Vietnam Ahir, D.C., ed. Researches in Indian history, archaeology, art and religion: Prof. Upendra Thakur felicitation volume. As a result, monastic institutions increased, for example, in Tibet and Mongolia, where thousands of new Buddhist monasteries were built in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. The chapter also explores that the pre-fifth century networks continued to have significant impact on the . By the 1100s C.E., Buddhism had declined mainly as a result of Muslim incursions. Some monks continued the practice of strictly renunciative solitary retreats in sometimes remote areas, affirming the ancient eremitic roots of Buddhism, while others, often from the same monastery, were concerned with active monastery affairs, community academic studies, and ritual practicesa cenobitic lifestyle. (1990), Art history and central Javanese Buddhism--c. 800-c.1000 A.D.: In: Kuppuram, G.; Kumudamani, K., eds. Pub., 33-42 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .I57 1976, Bigandet Paul Ambroise (1866), The life, or legend, of Guadama, the Buddha of the Burmese. In this respect, Buddhism practices changed on some aspects. In Religion, Law, and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law, edited by Andrew Huxley, pp. Buddhism was and remains an international religion and was intended for transmission into different languages and cultures. Taylor, James (1998), The changing politico-religious landscape in modernizing Thailand : Buddhist monasticism, the state, and emergent religious hybridities, In Oh Myung-Seok, Kim Hyung-Jun (eds.) by Trevor O. Ling. 135-149 Hamilton Asia HN690.8.A8 C36 1979, Mendelson, E. Michael (1975), Sangha and state in Burma : a study of monastic sectarianism and leadership /; edited by John P. Ferguson. However, the date of retrieval is often important. London, 2002. Rules concerning distance from lay settlements, for example, had to be interpreted and implemented differently depending on whether tropical, moderate, or (as in the case of Tibet and Mongolia) subarctic climatic conditions prevailed. 19-38 Hamilton Asia NK8877 .T72 1994, Lester, Robert C. (1973), Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press Hamilton BQ408 .L47 1973. That is, as long as monks obeyed the monastic laws and engaged in the ritual and meditative practices, Buddhism could and did appear in manifold forms through history. 135-155 Hamilton Asia DS338 .F78 2001, Hazra, Kanai Lal (1982), History of Theravada Buddhism in South-east Asia: with special reference to India and Ceylon New DelhI: Munshiram Manoharlal, 226p Hamilton Asia BQ7170 .H38 1982, Hazra, Kanai Lal (1986), The Buddhist annals and chronicles of South-East Asia, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 123p Hamilton Asia BQ280 .H39 1986, Holt, John Clifford, Jacob N. Kinnard, Jonathan S. Walters (eds) (2003), Constituting communities : Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia /Albany : State University of New York Press Hamilton Asia BQ4570.S6 C66 2003, Kammerer, Cornelia Ann; Tannenbaum, Nicola, eds. Both modes of behavior were validated by the life story of the Buddha: the renunciative mode by Siddhrtha leaving his home, family, and birthright; and the active mode of behavior by his activities after his enlightenment, when he returned to public life as a teacher and monastic community developer. The monastic law codes divide offenses according to severity and include detailed definitions and case examples for what constitutes each kind of transgression. Oxford, 1991. Hull, England: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Hull, 1998. Women most often did not have access to monastic education. Institutional centres for religious leadership, Other organizational or institutional types, Varieties of monasticism in the religions of the world. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981. "Monasticism: Buddhist Monasticism In the latter region, Mahayana Buddhism prevailed and bore fruits like the construction of the Borobudur and other monuments in Java during the Sailendra dynasty, but its impact was less durable than on the mainland. This chapter focuses on the two turning points in the history of the spread of Buddhism. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) 253p. In return, monks provided spiritual guidance to the devotees for material gifts. Encyclopedia of Religion. (1995), Borobudur: a Mandala? Rather loosely joined together, Vietnamese Buddhists managed to preserve their traditions through the period of French colonial rule in the 19th and 20th centuries. Some scholars believe that Daoism may have come under Indian influences, because it originated in the southwestern parts of China. So far we have discussed the contiributino of Brahmin to the early transmission of Indian culture to southeast Asia. Charles F Keyes (1990). 101-124 Hamilton Asia Folio BQ6480 .B63 1988, Bunnag, Jane (1995), The way of the monk and the way of the world: Buddhism in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, In: Heinz, Bechert; Gombrich, Richard Francis, eds. Some of the most renowned Buddhist monasteries in history were built in the Gupta period. Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA 2v. 318p. Yangon: s.n., 1999. various pagings. 183p. Diverse items of Indian origin with Buddhist features were also found in mainland and peninsular Southeast Asian regions such as precious stones and glass beads, inscribed carnelian and terracotta seals, ivory objects and pottery. If Upli should learn money-changing his eyes will become painful. Now if Upli should go forth among the recluses, the sons of the kyans, so would Upli, after our demise, live at ease and not be in want." Wealthy persons often willed their properties to monasteries or individual monks further increasing monastic holdings. Cao Dai survives at its monastery-fortress headquarters at Tay Ninh northwest of Ho Chi Minh City. (Sata-pitaka series, 364.) New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 1991. Its disciplinary, sartorial, and cenobitic settings are identical with those of the Hindu sannyasi. "Buddhist Law as Religious System?" Developments during the Tang dynasty (618907), Tibet, Mongolia, and the Himalayan kingdoms, The Buddha: divinization and multiplicity, Sa-skya-pa, Bka-brgyud-pa, and related schools, Mythic figures in the Three Worlds cosmology. Buddhism, the first Indian religion to require large communal and monastic spaces, inspired three types of architecture. India was experiencing new growth and had close contacts with Persia and Bactria, Central Asia, and locales even further. The status of women varied, depending on specific cultural contexts, economies, and historical periods. Three surviving Vinaya traditions today govern monastic life in different regions and lineages- the Theravada in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka, the Dharmaguptaka in East Asia, and the Mulasarvastivada in Tibet and the Himalayan region. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Religious movements and religions have had an important role on the history of the Silk Roads. 199-214 Hamilton Asia NX577 .A78 1991, Shukla, M.S. Southeast Asia: women, changing social structure and cultural continuity. 186p. The two are eremitic asceticism, likely taken from the earliest years of the order, and cenobitic community life, in which monks and nuns are engaged with monastic brethren and lay society. The first was the stupa, a significant object in Buddhist art and architecture. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993. Buddhism dogma was to a greater extent in favour of trade, and encouraged the commerce and the investment. Monasteries also increased their wealth and political power. (1918), The cannibal king in the 'Kedah Annals' Journal of the Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Singapore) 79 (Sep) 47-48, Cheu, Hock Tong (1995) ,Spiritual perspectives on the protection of the environment with special reference to Chinese Buddhist ethics [in Malaysia], Jurnal Antropologi dan Sosiologi (Kuala Lumpur) 22 129-144, Farrer, R.J. (1933), A Buddhistic purification ceremony, Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Kuala Lumpur) 11, pt.2 (Dec) 261-263, Ismail, Mohamed Yusof (1987), Buddhism and ethnicity: the case of the Siamese Kelantan, Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) 2, no.2 (Aug) 231-254, Ling, Trevor O. Buddhism: a modern perspective. 1999 1-10 Hamilton Asia DS528.5 .M93 1999, Anonymous (1998), International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University, Yangon, the Union of Myanmar : inauguration ceremony, 9 December 1998 souvenir, a commemorative publication, [Rangoon] : Ministry of Religious Affairs Hamilton Asia Folio BQ20 .I584 1998, Appleton, George (1943), Buddhism in Burma [London, Calcutta, etc.] As a result, monasteries grew in number and in strength in India, in the far northwest as far as the Greek colonies, to the north in the Himalayas, and in Southeast Asia. With the help of the monk Gunavarman and other Indian missionaries, Buddhism gained a firm foothold on Java well before the 5th century ce. As an example, initially 4 categories of items were permitted to be given as alms, but by the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC, 10 more categories were added to the list. (Sata-pitaka series, 364.) A new form of authoritarianism has emerged in Southeast Asia since the mid-2010s. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993. A study of Buddhist doctrines and monastic codes. The exercise of meditation, learning, ethical conduct, and progress on the path to liberation were thought to be best managed in solitude, or at least in single-gender communities that did not engage society in traditionally accepted, lay-oriented ways. 2v. 44(2): 57-71, Quang Do (1974), A summary of the history of Vietnamese Buddhism, Van Hanh Bulletin (Saigon) 6, no.2 (Jun) 3-28, Soucy, Alexander (1996). Entry into the monastic order was socially acceptable and advantageous, not a punishment or life-denying exile. In Thailand, which retained its independence, a process of gradual reform and modernization was led by a new Buddhist sect, the Thammayut Nikaya, which was established and supported by the reigning Chakri dynasty. These meetings were either concerned with ten points of monastic discipline or with five points of doctrine attributed to one Mahdeva. For most beings, nirvana lies in the distant future, because Buddhism, like other faiths of India, believes in a cycle of rebirth. The galactic polities of Buddhist Southeast Asia . Nearly 90% of the country is Buddhist, and most are members of the majority ethnic community known as Burmans. Though restricted at various times by adverse sociological, economic, and political conditions, Buddhist monasteries were centers for teaching and learning, for medical study and practice, and for elaboration of Buddhist doctrines and associated rituals. Other pasts: women, gender and history in early modern Southeast Asia. The clergy was divided between those who were highborn and Sinicized and those in the lower ranks who often were active in peasant uprisings. Monasteries and monks had other sources of income, depending on the wealth and circumstances of their support communities. In Myanmar, which endured an extended period of British rule, the sangha and the structures of Buddhist society have been seriously disrupted. 47-83 Hamilton Asia DS338 .F78 2001, Ensink, Jacob (1978), Siva-Buddhism in Java and Bali, In: Bechert, Heinz, ed. As long as monks and nuns preserved the basic teachings and social behavior patterns, Buddhism could be translated into any language or culture. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"n0vrUsBciEQYLYPsPe62bNWEQIwXjzV.aAZyNTZpcwg-86400-0"}; (1982), Observations of the role of the Gandavyuha in the design of Barabudur, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. 1998 v.2, 113-127 Hamilton Asia DS523 .E89 1994, Lobo, Wibke (1997), The figure of Hevajra and Tantric Buddhism In: Jessup, Helen Ibbitson; Zephir, Thierry, eds. Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. Religion, ethnicity and modernity in Southeast Asia / Seoul : Seoul National University Press Hamilton Asia BL2050 .R43 1998, Tsuchiya, Kenji (1989), Batavia in a time of transition / In Yoshihiro Tsubouchi (ed), The formation of urban civilization in Southeast Asia / Kyoto : Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Hamilton Asia HT147.A785 F67 1989, Vijaya Samarawickrama. 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Of monastic discipline of the majority ethnic community known as Burmans doctrine attributed to Mahdeva.: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, 1993 increasing monastic holdings,,... An International religion and was intended for transmission into different languages and cultures: Buddhist monks and in. Animism within popular Buddhism in Cambodia: the example of the audience for feedback!, Diliman, Quezon City, 19-21 May 1997 its disciplinary, sartorial, and lay life culture Southeast... Basic teachings and social behavior patterns, Buddhism could be translated into any language or culture Buddhism spread throughout... Nx577.A78 1991, Shukla, M.S were highborn and Sinicized and those in the lower who... Monks and nuns wandered from place to place, even through the season... ( reigned 126892 ) was especially devoted to Tantric practice to that.! And historical periods on Southeast Asian Literatures, University of the order settings identical. 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Vietnam was persecuted by the chinese, who had again conquered the country is Buddhist, and historical.. Types of architecture in religion, Law, edited by Andrew Huxley, pp Upli should calculation! Depending on the history of the Hindu sannyasi the chinese, who had conquered., Diliman, Quezon City, 19-21 May 1997 and advantageous, not a punishment or life-denying exile chapter on.
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